By Stephen Arves and Meghan Greene
In recent months, there has been renewed interest in overdraft fees and the burden they can place on consumers, spurred on by increased attention on financial inequality during the pandemic, pressure from several elected representatives, and a flurry of media. Now, numerousbanks and credit unions are exploring ways重组其透支程序，开发透支替代方案或完全结束透支。同时，透支已经产生renewed attention from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC).
Information on overdraft profiles is old and limited –消费者金融保护局（CFPB）的最新数据已有近10年的历史。财务健康雷竞技最新网址网络进行了深入研究FinHealth Spend Report从2020年末开始的数据，以了解大流行中的客户如何使用透支。我们的结果为有关透支使用量的一些关键问题提供了新的答案：
- 透支有多普遍？
- Who is overdrafting?
- 其他哪些产品是透支使用者？
How Common Is Overdraft?
有16％的有支票帐户的家庭报告说，在2020年至少透支了一次。For many of these households, overdraft fees are an infrequent occurrence. Nearly half of all overdrafting households report two or fewer overdrafts in a year. About a quarter (28%) report between three and five overdrafts.
但是，对于其他人来说，透支是一个持续存在的问题，每年收取数百美元的费用 - 尽管许多银行和信用合作社在2020年提供了透支费用。一年中，大约四分之一的透支家庭报告了五个以上的透支，有8％的人报告了10次以上。A2017 CFPB studyleveraging transactional data suggests that this self-reported data may in fact underreport the true costs of frequent overdrafts, with 5% of全部分析的帐户每年有20多个透支。
Who Is Overdrafting?
In ourFinhealth支出报告2021, we found that, among households with checking accounts, low- to moderate-income households were nearly twice as likely to overdraft than higher-income households. Black and Latinx households with accounts were also far more likely to report having overdrafted than White households (1.9 times as likely and 1.4 times as likely, respectively), contributing to the disproportionate financial costs borne by people of color.
Additionally, we found that young people with checking accounts are more likely to overdraft than older people with accounts: 35% of those aged 18-25 had overdrafted, compared with just 7% of those 65 and older.
此外，透支者更有可能具有非偏差信用评分。非优势信用评分的支票帐户持有人中有33％透支了，而主要信用评分的支票持有人只有10％。Among households with more than five overdrafts in a year, 80% don’t have prime credit.
哪些产品是透支ers Using?
For a more complete understanding of overdrafters’ financial lives, we analyzed reported usage of a range of products and services, finding significant differences between households that overdraft and those that do not. Compared to non-overdrafters, households that overdraft are:
- Nearly three times as likely to report being charged a maintenance fee for checking accounts（Overdrafters的36％报告支付维护费，而非行车的13％）。
- 拥有联邦学生贷款的可能性几乎是两倍。透支者拥有联邦学生贷款的可能性是1.8倍。
- 1.7 times more likely to report carrying a balanceon a general purpose credit card, with a whopping 83% of overdrafters reporting a credit card balance.
- 更有可能转向替代金融服务，包括使用发薪日预付款的可能性更大（13％比2％），使用PAWN Services的可能性超过四倍（9％比2％）。
Whether an individual overdrafts once a year or 20 times, it’s clear that overdraft policies at large are impacting people of color more than White households, young people more than older people, and the Financially Vulnerable more than the Financially Healthy. Overdrafters are also subsidizing the cost of delivering banking services to more financially secure customers – through both overdraft fees and maintenance fees – while turning more frequently to high-cost credit in their own lives.
The Financial Health Network works with financial institutions to consider the impact overdraft has on the lives of their customers and to explore opportunities for them to develop, launch, and evaluate alternatives. To read more about overdraft,点击这里或者reach out to usif you’re interested in learning more.
1.Data were collected via a nationally representative survey of 4,090 decision-makers on household finances in November 2020.
2. 2021 Financial HealthPulse®调查发现，在前12个月中，有19％的受访者透支了，另外3％的受访者不知道该频率。
3.在2017 CFPB的报告在频繁的透支者中，研究人员发现约有33％的帐户已透支了。我们的数据不能直接与CFPB相提并论，因为它分析了帐户百分比，而我们将家庭用作测量单位。雷电竞下载苹果版我们还利用了调查数据，而CFPB利用信用记录数据则与来自几家大型银行的交易和帐户级数据相连。最后，我们的调查是在2020年进行的，当时许多机构应要求放弃了透支。但是，我们数据的差异表明，透支的家庭可能会在给定的一年内透支。
4.这与CFPB 2014年透支的论文相吻合。
